Building Earnings Quality Measures with Calcbench Data

Earnings quality — the question of how closely a company’s reported profit tracks the actual cash moving through the business — is one of the oldest and most durable ideas in fundamental analysis. When earnings run consistently ahead of cash flow, it’s usually a signal worth investigating further; when the two move together, it’s generally reassuring.

With standardized financial data available through the Calcbench API, the Multi-Company page, or the Excel Add-in, you can construct earnings-quality screens ranging from straightforward to fairly sophisticated — and apply them across the entire market at once!

To illustrate that range, we built two versions ourselves.

Two ways to measure the same idea.

The simple version: cash flow relative to net income. Divide operating cash flow by net income for a given period, and you have a quick, intuitive gut-check. A ratio near 1 is good and normal; a ratio well above or below 1 is worth a second look. 

This ratio is also easy to explain and easy to compute, but easy does not mean it's foolproof. Ratios like this get distorted by ordinary things, such as a company having an unusually small net income in a given quarter, a one-time gain or charge, or seasonal timing. Building this ratio smartly means building in some guardrails, not just dividing two numbers and reading the result uncritically.

The more rigorous version: an accrual ratio.1 Rather than comparing two income-statement-and-cash-flow-statement totals, this approach looks directly at the balance sheet — comparing how a company’s operating assets and liabilities have shifted from one period to the next relative to the size of the company. 

This is a richer, more standard approach in academic and professional earnings-quality research, and it can be built entirely from standardized Calcbench fields. It takes more care to set up correctly — there are more moving pieces, and getting the treatment of items like short-term investments, short-term debt, and deferred taxes right takes some thought — but the payoff is a more complete picture of where a company’s reported earnings and its underlying operations might be diverging.

Quick point: which direction is “good”?

When configured correctly the two measures above point in opposite directions, so it’s worth keeping this straight before looking at the tables below.

• CFO/Net Income: bigger is usually better. A ratio near or above 1 means earnings are backed by real cash; a number well below 1 or even negative is a caution sign. (An extremely large ratio isn’t extra-good, however; it usually just means net income was unusually small that period.
• Accrual Ratio: smaller — more negative — is usually better. Numbers closer to zero or negative mean earnings are grounded in cash; higher, more positive numbers mean earnings are increasingly built on non-cash items such as growing receivables or inventory.

What the Data Looks Like

We ran both measures across the S&P 500 (companies in the financial and utility sectors excluded, since their balance sheets don’t lend themselves to this kind of comparison), comparing Q2 2026 to Q2 2025. Below is a look at the 25 companies at each end of the spectrum for both measures.

A Note on How to Read These

Extreme values at either end were capped using standard winsorization, so a handful of companies you’ll see tied at the same number simply hit that cap, rather than coincidentally landing on an identical ratio. And a handful of names that show up here have unusual capital structures (recent spinoffs, large financing activity, or significant in-house lending operation) that can move these ratios for reasons that have little to do with earnings quality. That’s part of our point: a screen like this is a starting point for investigation, not a verdict.

Accrual Ratio — bottom 25 / top 25

Rank	Bottom 25	Ratio		Top 25	Ratio
1	LITE	-0.710		DPZ	0.607
2	VRSN	-0.404		ECHO	0.372
3	ZBRA	-0.243		F	0.187
4	GEV	-0.224		TXT	0.175
5	DASH	-0.188		LII	0.143
6	AKAM	-0.150		BG	0.139
7	FIX	-0.131		SBUX	0.121
8	LYV	-0.125		PODD	0.119
9	MRNA	-0.120		FTV	0.115
10	CPAY	-0.110		MCHP	0.104
11	WDC	-0.102		CHRW	0.102
12	GPN	-0.094		CAT	0.099
13	VRT	-0.094		IFF	0.095
14	MA	-0.089		ZTS	0.093
15	VLTO	-0.085		NVDA	0.085
16	ON	-0.082		TYL	0.085
17	BKNG	-0.080		ABNB	0.083
18	LUV	-0.080		GEN	0.079
19	KEYS	-0.077		CVNA	0.077
20	BR	-0.077		NTAP	0.077
21	CAH	-0.073		XYZ	0.076
22	NFLX	-0.072		KO	0.075
23	CLX	-0.071		SJM	0.070
24	NWS	-0.069		TER	0.069
25	BA	-0.066		AXON	0.067

CFO / Net Income — bottom 25 / top 25

Rank	Bottom 25	CFO / NI		Top 25	CFO / NI
1	CRL	-3.72*		XYZ	9.44*
2	CRWD	-3.72*		GPN	9.44*
3	IP	-3.72*		J	9.44*
4	MRK	-3.72*		SNPS	9.44*
5	PFE	-3.52		SW	8.69
6	F	-3.29		GEV	8.46
7	BA	-3.19		IFF	8.27
8	FOX	-2.71		DDOG	7.09
9	COO	-2.35		EL	6.94
10	BDX	-2.16		CPAY	5.84
11	WAT	-1.48		WBD	5.69
12	TTWO	-0.96		CCL	4.88
13	LEN	-0.92		DASH	4.74
14	BG	-0.83		GM	4.69
15	INTC	-0.65		BIIB	4.60
16	NVR	-0.64		P	4.50
17	MOS	-0.63		PNR	4.45
18	DHI	-0.63		KDP	4.26
19	OMC	-0.63		TSLA	4.16
20	TRMB	-0.51		AKAM	4.11
21	TSN	-0.43		BBY	4.03
22	CTVA	-0.40		EQT	3.72
23	FSLR	-0.34		RVTY	3.70
24	GILD	-0.34		AMCR	2.84
25	CDW	-0.20		GLW	2.82

*Tied at the winsorization cap (1st/99th percentile) rather than a coincidental identical value.

The Takeaway

Neither of these measures is meant to be the final word on any single company. We only want to highlight how much analytical range is available directly from Calcbench’s standardized data — everything from a quick, back-of-the-envelope ratio; to a more rigorous, balance-sheet-based model — and that clients can build either one (or something in between) for your own coverage universe, on your own schedule, using the same tools available through the API, Excel, or Multi-Company page.

If you’d like help thinking through a similar screen for your own universe of companies, reach out! We’re at us@calcbench.com and are always happy to walk through an analysis idea with a subscriber.

---

¹ For readers who want the exact construction: the Accrual Ratio here follows the framework introduced by Sloan (1996), adapted for standardized Calcbench fields —
Accrual Ratio = (ΔCurrent Assets − ΔCash − ΔShort-Term Investments − ΔCurrent Liabilities + ΔShort-Term Debt − Depreciation) ÷ Average Total Assets
where each Δ is the year-over-year change (Q2 2026 vs. Q2 2025) and Depreciation is the current period's expense only, not a delta. Some versions of this measure also include a deferred-tax adjustment; we left it out of this run, since deferred-tax detail is disclosed far less consistently in quarterly filings than in annual reports. ↩